The gut–brain axis in vertebrates: implications for food intake regulation

ABSTRACT The gut and brain are constantly communicating influencing each other through neural, endocrine immune signals in an interaction referred to as the gut–brain axis. Within this communication system, gastrointestinal tract, including microbiota, sends information on energy status brain, which, after integrating these inputs, transmits feedback tract. This allows regulation of food intake physiological processes occurring motility, secretion, digestion absorption. Although extensive literature is available mechanisms governing between mammals, studies axis vertebrates scarce often limited a single species, which may not be representative for obtaining conclusions entire group. Review aims compile birds, reptiles, amphibians fish, with special focus its involvement and, lesser extent, digestive processes. Additionally, we will identify gaps knowledge that need filled order better understand functioning significance such non-mammalian vertebrates.